Society for Neuroscience - New studies indicate that regular exercise may protect against Parkinson’s disease or reverse some of the devastating consequences of traumatic brain injury.社会神经科学新的研究显示,经常运动可以预防帕金森氏病或扭转部分的破坏性后果脑外伤. Other studies have found that, contrary to an earlier report, exercising alone appears to be as beneficial as exercising with others, and that the natural mood-enhancing chemical beta-endorphin may be a key player in the ability of exercise to protect the aging brain.其他研究人员发现,与早先的报告行使单独看来是有好处的,因为行使与他人那自然烘托加强化学-内啡肽可能是一个关键球员的能力,运用保护脑衰老.

“Everybody knows that exercise is good for your heart, but in recent years we’ve gathered compelling evidence that exercise is also good for your brain,” says Fred Gage, PhD, of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies."大家都知道,运动对你的心,但是,近年来,我们已经收集到令人信服的证据显示,运动也是好你的脑,"志富,-1973年的salk研究所生物学研究. “We now know that exercise helps generate new brain cells, even in the aging brain.”"现在大家都知道运动可以帮助产生新的脑细胞,即使在大脑老化"

Recent animal studies show that exercise actually helps the regeneration of damaged brain circuits, says Fernando Gómez-Pinilla, PhD, of UCLA.最近的动物研究显示,运动实际上有助于修复受损脑电路,费尔南多说,戈麦斯-皮尼拉,博士,加州大学洛杉矶分校.

A major obstacle for the regrowth of severed nerves is overcoming the chemical resistance of cellular substrates.的一个主要障碍,为再生神经被割断,是克服了耐化学性基底细胞. Gómez-Pinilla’s team has found that exercise reduces the inhibitory capacity of the injured brain and thus may help reverse some of the devastating consequences of traumatic brain injury.戈麦斯-皮尼利亚的团队发现,锻炼能降低抑制能力的脑损伤,从而有助于扭转一些的破坏性后果脑外伤. Such injuries are a major public health problem in the United States, affecting 5 million Americans and costing the country more than $56 billion annually in patient care.这种伤害是一个重大公共卫生问题,在美国,影响到500万美国人,耗资该国560多亿美元,每年护理病人.

In previous research involving brain-injured rats, Gómez-Pinilla and his colleagues demonstrated that voluntary exercise increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein crucial for the growth of neurons and for brain processes involved in learning and memory.在以前的研究中涉及的脑损伤,戈麦斯-皮尼拉和他的同事证明,自愿行使含量的增加,脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)蛋白质对于生长的神经元和脑过程参与学习和记忆功能. Now they have found that exercise reduces post-trauma increases in the levels of two other proteins, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and Nogo-A, which inhibit the growth of new axons, the nerve cell fibers that send electrical impulses (messages) to other neurons.现在,他们已经发现锻炼能降低创伤增加,在各级其他两个蛋白质,髓鞘相关糖蛋白(农牧业),中Nogo-A,抑制生长新的神经轴突,神经纤维细胞发出的电冲动(信息),其他神经元.

For their recent studies, Gómez-Pinilla’s team subjected rats to an experimental model of traumatic brain injury called fluid percussion injury that reproduces some of the consequences of a strong shake to the head, such as one resulting from a car accident.他们最近的研究表明,戈麦斯-皮尼利亚的团队受到老鼠的实验脑外伤模型称为流体冲击伤,再现了后果强烈地摇摇头,如因一场车祸. This injury damaged the hippocampus, an area of the brain involved in memory, learning, and emotion.这种损伤的海马,一个地区的脑内参与记忆,学习和情感. Some of the injured rats were given access to a running wheel while others remained sedentary.一些受伤鼠人获得了车轮运行,而另一些国家仍然坐着. Ten days after the injury, MAG levels rose by 74 percent and Nogo-A levels by 59 percent in the hippocampi of the brain-injured animals compared to a control group of animals given sham injuries.十天后伤农牧业水平上升了74%,与Nogo-A水平59个百分点,在海马区的脑损伤动物相比一对照组给予假受伤. In addition, the injury reduced the levels of protein kinase A (PKA), a brain chemical that enhances the protective effects of BDNF.此外,损伤降低血清蛋白激酶A(PKA)脑化学,提高防护抗BDNF.

Exercise, however, lessened these negatives changes in brain chemistry.演习,但减少这些底片改变脑部化学. MAG levels were 29 percent lower and Nogo-A levels 17 percent lower in brain-injured rats that exercised compared with those that didn’t.农牧业水平29%低与Nogo-A水平的17%降低脑损伤行使相比没有. Exercise reduced the levels of MAG and Nogo-A in the sham rats (26 percent and 32 percent, respectively) as well.运动减少层次,农牧业和Nogo-A在深水鼠(26%和32%,分别)等. Exercise also increased PKA levels by 33 percent in the brain-injured animals and 22 percent in the shams.演习中,还增加了PKA的水平,33%的脑损伤动物和22%的骗案. In even more recent studies, Gómez-Pinilla’s team has demonstrated that the effect of exercise on reducing axonal growth inhibition is linked to the action of BDNF.更近期的研究,戈麦斯-皮尼利亚的团队都表明,有氧运动对降低轴突生长抑制挂的是行动BDNF的.

“These findings help us better understand why healing stops after a brain injury,” says Gómez-Pinilla."这些发现有助于我们更好地理解为什么站愈合后,脑外伤,"戈麦斯-皮尼利亚. “More importantly, they show that exercise can counteract the effects of trauma — both by reducing levels of proteins that inhibit new neural growth and by increasing levels of the protein that enhances such growth."更重要他们表明,运动可以抗衡的影响创伤既要减少层次的蛋白质,抑制新神经生长,并增加不同层次的蛋白质,促进了这种增长. This opens the possibility of harnessing this capacity of exercise to promote neural healing.”这打开的可能性,利用这种运动能力,以促进神经修复."

A moderate but sustained exercise program also may help slow the progression of Parkinson’s disease or, if started early in life, may prevent the disease from ever developing, suggests new research from Richard Smeyne, PhD, and his colleagues at Saint Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis.一个温和但持续的运动计画,也可能有助于缓慢进展的帕金森氏病,或如果早在生活中,可避免的疾病,从不断发展,提出新的研究理查德smeyne,博士学位,和他的同事们在圣犹大儿童研究医院在孟菲斯. About 1 million people in the United States live with this disabling brain disorder, which occurs when cells located in an area of the brain known as the substantia nigra become damaged or destroyed.大约有100万人在美国,生活在这种脑机能障碍,发生细胞时,位于大脑称为黑质已被损坏或摧毁. Symptoms, which tend to worsen over time, include trembling, muscle stiffness, and slowness of movement.症状,且趋于恶化,随着时间的推移,包括颤抖,肌肉僵硬,缓慢移动.

In earlier animal studies, Smeyne and others have shown that very intense levels of aerobic exercise (the equivalent of running a marathon every night) may not only slow the progression of Parkinson’s disease, but may also prevent the brain cells affected by the disease from dying in the first place.在早先的动物研究,smeyne等已表明很激烈程度的有氧运动(相当于跑马拉松每晚)未必只有缓慢进展的帕金森氏病,但是,也可避免脑细胞受疾病死亡的首位. Smeyne and his team also found that the levels of cell-destroying neurotoxins in the brain were identical in exercised and sedentary mice - evidence that the exercise must be changing something in the cell itself rather than simply altering the toxin’s metabolism.smeyne和他的团队还发现,各级细胞摧毁神经在大脑中相同的行使久坐小鼠证明行使必须改变一下自己的细胞,而不是简单的修改毒素的代谢.

In their latest study, Smeyne and his team attempted to determine the minimum amount of exercise needed to protect neurons affected in Parkinson’s disease from becoming destroyed.在他们最新的研究,smeyne和他的团队试图确定的最低数额行使必须以保护神经受帕金森氏病成为破坏. The mice in the earlier studies had run about 7 kilometers a night (a distance impossible for humans to emulate) for 3 months.小鼠在早先的研究已经运行约7公里的一个深夜(距离不可能对人类效仿)连续3个月. In Smeyne’ new study, the animals were allowed to run on exercise wheels for zero, 1, 2, or 3 months and at shorter, predetermined distances — either 1/3 (3,000 revolutions) or 2/3 (6,000 revolutions) of their normal 24-hour running pattern (9,000 revolutions).smeyne在新的研究中的动物获准开办对运动轮子零,一,二,或3个月时间较短,预定距离--无论是1/3(转3000)或2/3(6000革命)的正常24小时运行模式(9000革命).

“Our findings suggest that at least two months of exercise are needed to protect the cells and that higher levels of exercise were significantly more beneficial than lower amounts, although all exercise was better than none,” says Smeyne."我们的调查结果显示,至少两个月的运动,是需要保护的细胞,而更高水平锻炼显着更为有利数额较低,虽然所有演习是聊胜于无",smeyne. “These findings also suggest that starting an exercise program early in life may be an easy, non-pharmacological way to lower the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease later in life.”"这些研究结果又显示,从工作程序,在早期生命可能是轻而易举的事,非药物治疗方法,以降低风险开发帕金森病以后的人生道路."

Using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, a technique that allows scientists to separate and measure proteins, Smeyne and his colleagues found that three months of sustained exercise significantly altered the expression of numerous proteins in the brain, including ones that help move molecules in and out of cells and that control different gene expression.利用二维凝胶电泳技术,使科学家能够分离测定蛋白质smeyne和他的同事们发现:这3个月的持续运动,大大改变了表达的无数蛋白质含量脑,其中包括那些有助于推动分子进出细胞,并控制着不同的基因表达.

New research from Brian Christie, PhD, and his colleagues at the University of British Columbia suggests that, contrary to the findings of a study reported earlier this year, exercising alone has the same positive effect on the brain as exercising with others.新的研究成果克里斯蒂布赖恩博士和他的同事在加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学的暗示,相反的研究结果报道今年早些时候,行使就有同样的积极效应,对脑组织作为行使与他人.

“Over the past several years, research has consistently shown that voluntary exercise can markedly enhance the capacity of the hippocampus to create new neurons,” says Christie."过去几年,研究始终显示,自愿行使能够显着增强海马创造新的神经元,"说克里斯蒂. “These new cells in the hippocampus appear to be linked to particular types of learning and memory, and it may be that this region of the brain uses new neurons to help ‘time stamp’ the creation of memories.”"这些新细胞,在海马似乎是与特定类型的学习和记忆,它有可能是这一区域的脑应用新的神经元,以帮助'时间戳'创造回忆."

Another research group reported last spring that the benefit of exercise on the creation of new neurons did not occur when animals were socially isolated-unless the animals exercised for a much longer period than their non-isolated peers.另一个研究小组报告了去年春天,有利于锻炼对创造新的神经元,没有发生当动物因无依无靠,除非动物行使更长比非孤立的同龄人. To further investigate that finding, Christie and his colleagues assigned mice to either single housing or group housing environments.为了进一步探讨,寻找,克里斯蒂和他的同事指派小鼠单独住房或集体住宅环境. Some of the animals were quasi-randomly given exercise wheels.有些动物准随机给予行使轮子. After 11 days, the brains of all the animals were examined for signs of enhanced cell proliferation.经过了11天,大脑所有的动物标本的迹象增强细胞增殖.

“Both individually housed and group housed animals that had access to a running wheel showed significantly more cell proliferation than the animals that didn’t exercise,” says Christie."无论是单独设组,并设动物已进入一个车轮运行呈明显较细胞增殖比动物没有行使,"克里斯蒂说. “In fact, they showed about double the amount of new neurons as the sedentary animals."事实上,它们表现出约两倍的新的神经元作为久坐动物. These findings indicate that voluntary exercise has benefits for the brain in both socially isolated and group housed conditions.”这些调查结果表明,自愿行使有利益的脑社交孤立和77居住条件."

These findings indicate that exercise can have beneficial effects for the brain, irrespective of whether the activity is performed individually or in groups.上述结果表明,运动,可以产生有益的效果,为脑,不论该项活动是表现个人或团体. Current studies are investigating the possible benefits of exercise for helping ameliorate the structural and functional deficits incurred in the hippocampus in an animal model of fetal alcohol syndrome.目前研究正在调查可能的好处演习,以协助改善结构和功能出现赤字的海马动物模型的胎儿酒精症候群.

An international team of researchers has found that beta-endorphin, a mood-elevating chemical produced by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, may be a key factor in the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain.一个国际小组的研究人员已发现-内啡肽,一种腾云驾雾化学制作的下丘脑和垂体可能是一个关键因素,在有利的影响,运动对脑部.

“We know that exercise creates new neurons in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in learning and memory."我们知道,演习制造新的神经细胞,在海马脑区参与学习和记忆功能. This may explain the increased learning and memory performances observed in people who exercise,” says Muriel Koehl, PhD, of the French National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) at the University of Bordeaux.这也许可以解释增加学习和记忆的绩效观察人士演习",内容koehlMuriel先生,博士的法国国立卫生和医学研究所(INSERM有关),在波尔多大学. “But we have a limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms that cause exercise to create those new cells.”"但我们也了解有限的基本机制,使行使创造这些新的细胞."

Suspecting that beta-endorphin may play a role in the stimulatory effect of exercise on the creation of new brain cells (a process known as neurogenesis), Koehl and colleagues at Northwestern University and at the University of Groningen in Haren, the Netherlands, set up an experiment that analyzed the consequences of exercise on different components of neurogenesis (cell proliferation, survival, death, and differentiation) in both adult wild-type (normal) mice and beta-endorphin deficient mice (genetically modified mice that are unable to synthesize beta-endorphin).怀疑-内啡肽可以发挥的作用,在刺激作用演习创造新的脑细胞(这个过程称为神经元),koehl和同事在美国西北大学和大学在格罗宁根haren,荷兰成立了一个实验,分析后果运动对不同成分的神经元(细胞增殖,生存,死亡,分化),无论成人野生型(正常)小鼠和内啡肽缺陷小鼠(转基因小鼠,无法合成-内啡肽).

The researchers found that in wild-type mice, exercise led to a net induction of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus by increasing the number (proliferation) of newborn cells and the rate at which those cells survived.研究者发现,在野生型小鼠,演习导致净诱导成人神经海马增加(扩散)的新生细胞速度和那些细胞存活. No surprise there.毫不奇怪. What did surprise the researchers were the findings from the beta-endorphin deficient mice.什么奇怪的是研究者的结果-内啡肽缺陷小鼠.

“In those animals that were sedentary, the lack of beta-endorphin had no effect on neurogenesis,” says Koehl."在这些动物中久坐,缺乏内啡肽没有影响神经",koehl. “In those that exercised, however, we saw that the number of newly born cells was not increased."在那些行使,但是,我们看到一些新生细胞未见增多. This strongly suggests a role for beta-endorphin in exercise-induced cell proliferation.”这强烈地暗示作用内啡肽运动诱发细胞增殖."

Interestingly, the researchers also found that the lack of beta-endorphin in exercised animals increased the survival of 1-month-old cells.有趣的是,研究人员还发现,缺乏-内啡肽行使增加动物的生存1月龄细胞. Altogether, there was thus a net augmentation in the number of newborn neurons in mice lacking beta-endorphin.倒地,因此,净增加的数目,新生神经元在小鼠缺乏内啡肽.

“This suggests that different mechanisms may be involved in the exercise-induced increase in cell proliferation and cell survival,” says Koehl."这反映了不同的机制可能参与了运动性增加,细胞增殖和细胞存活,"koehl. “Our study indicates that beta-endorphin released during exercise may be a key factor in promoting the activity’s proliferative-stimulating effect on the brain, while controlling the total number of new cells created.”"我们的研究显示,内啡肽期间公布的演习可能是一个关键因素,在推动活动的增殖刺激作用脑,同时控制总人数的新细胞产生."

Other work shows evidence that chronic exercise reduces stroke damage in an animal model.其他工作,有证据表明,长期锻炼能降低中风损害的动物模型.

There is burgeoning evidence that exercise provides a neuroprotective benefit in human brain disease, says Michael Davis, PhD, at the University of Texas Health Science Center.有证据新兴运动提供了神经造福于人类脑部疾病,说迈克尔戴维斯博士在德州大学健康科学中心. However, the mechanisms and biological underpinnings of this phenomenon remain unclear.然而,这些机制和生物学依据这一现象,目前仍不清楚.

Davis’s hypothesis is that long-term exercise promotes new blood vessel growth.戴维斯的假设是,长期运动促进新血管生长. This increase in the brain’s capillary bed elevates cerebral blood flow (CBF) which, in turn, serves to help protect against the extensive damage that normally occurs following stroke.这种增加的脑部毛细血管床把脑血流量(CBF),从而为帮助防范广泛的损害,这通常发生中风.

In the unexercised, “couch-potato”, rats the 2-hour stroke produced a 51 percent decrease in CBF.在法律诉讼,"沙发马铃薯",老鼠2小时中风制作了51个百分点,减少脑血流量. In the exercise group, however, stroke produced only a 16 percent decline in CBF.在运动组,但中风只生产了16%下降脑血流量. “This was evidence that exercise provided an approximate 35 percent improvement in brain blood flow subsequent to stroke over that of the control animals,” says Davis."这就是证据,演习提供了大约35%的改善脑血流随后中风比对控制动物,"戴维斯说.

“The same non-invasive PET imaging tools employed in this project could be applied to evaluate potential stroke-treatments and stroke-prevention strategies in humans,” says Davis."同样的非侵入性显像工具从事这个项目可以用于评估潜在的中风治疗中风和预防策略在人类,"戴维斯说. “Our findings support a significant role of exercise in protecting the brain against stroke and perhaps other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease,” he says."我们的研究结果支持了重大作用的运动,保护脑部中风打击,也许还有其他神经退化性疾病,如阿尔茨海默氏病和帕金森氏病,"他说.

Though these results demonstrate the potential benefit of exercise undertaken before a stroke occurs, adds Davis, no such protection has yet been evidenced for a similar benefit of exercise undertaken after a stroke.虽然这些结果显示的潜在益处进行了演习前中风发生后,戴维斯说,没有这种保障尚未证明了类似的好处运动开展后中风.