University of Washington - Children whose mothers were exposed to second-hand smoke while they were pregnant have more symptoms of serious psychological problems such as ADHD and conduct disorder compared to children of women who had no prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke, according to a new study funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH).华盛顿大学-母亲是暴露于二手烟,而她们已经怀孕,有更多症状严重的心理问题,如多动症和行为障碍相比,对儿童,妇女,他们没有孕期香烟烟雾中,根据一项新的研究经费由美国国家卫生研究院(NIH小鼠).

Writing in the current issue of Child Psychiatry and Human Development , UW psychologists Lisa Gatzke-Kopp and Theodore Beauchaine provide the first evidence linking mothers’ second-hand smoke exposure while pregnant to their children’s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder.写作本期儿童精神病学和人类发展心理学家和UW丽莎加茨克-kopp和西奥多beauchaine首次提供证据,把母亲的二手烟而怀孕的儿童注意力缺陷过动症(ADHD),品行障碍. Psychologists call these behaviors externalizing psychopathology and their symptoms include aggressive behavior, ADHD, defiance and conduct disorder, which encompasses truancy, fighting, school failure, breaking rules, substance use, stealing and destruction of property.心理学家称这些外部行为的心理和他们的症状包括侵略行为,多动症,蔑视和品行障碍,其中包括逃学,打架,学校教育失败,打破规则,使用药物,盗窃和破坏财产.

The research also supports a 2006 report by the U.S. Surgeon General that found passive smoke exposure poses a substantial risk to the general health of those who breathe the smoke, as well as to the fetuses of pregnant women.研究还支持了2006年报告,由美国外科医生一般,发现二手烟暴露构成实质性风险的一般健康人吸入烟雾,以及对胎儿的孕妇.

Gatzke-Kopp and Beauchaine compared patterns of psychopathology among three groups of children ages 7 to 15, all of whom had significant behavioral and/or emotional problems.加茨克-kopp和beauchaine模式相比,患精神病的三组儿童年龄从7岁至15日,所有这些人都显的行为和/或情绪问题. One group experienced no prenatal smoke exposure.一组资深无产前烟雾暴露. The second was made up of children whose mothers smoked during the final two trimesters of pregnancy.二是由母亲熏在最后两妊娠中晚期. The third consisted of children whose mothers were exposed to second-hand smoke at work or in the home in the last two trimesters during pregnancy.第三由母亲是暴露于二手烟,在工作或在家中的最后两名孕妇怀孕期间. A total of 171 children, primarily boys, and 133 women participated in the project.共有171名儿童,主要是男生,133名妇女参加了这一项目.

The UW researchers found that those children whose mothers had been exposed to tobacco smoke either by smoking or by being around smokers when they were pregnant had more symptoms of ADHD and conduct disorder than children whose mothers spent their pregnancies in a smoke-free environment.器官保存研究人员发现,这些儿童的母亲曾接触烟草烟雾无论吸烟或被周围吸烟时,她们已经怀孕,也有90.0%的ADHD和行为障碍的儿童比母亲花怀孕在一个无烟的环境. However, they did not show more symptoms of emotional disorders such as depression or anxiety.然而,他们并没有表现出更多的症状,情绪障碍如抑郁或焦虑.

“This is a matter of severity,” said Gatzke-Kopp, a post-doctoral researcher."这是一件事情的严重性,说:"加茨克-kopp,博士后研究员. “Children with these disorders have a range of behaviors that stretch from problematic to severe."儿童与这些病症也有各种不同的行为,从弹力问题严重. It is a continuum based on the number of symptoms, and children who were exposed to smoke exhibited more symptoms.”它是一个连续的基础上,一些症状,小孩受到浓烟展示更多症状."

She and Beauchaine controlled for a number of other factors including family income, parents’ substance use, birth weight and parents’ anti-social behavior, but second-hand exposure to smoking persisted as the primary predictor of conduct disorder and ADHD.她和beauchaine控制了其他一些因素,包括家庭收入,父母的药物使用,出生体重与父母的反社会行为,但二手暴露于吸烟,坚持为基层预估的品行障碍和多动症.

Nicotine, an alkaloid compound in tobacco, is believed to be the chemical that causes these behavior problems in children.尼古丁,生物碱化合物在烟草中,被认为是化学原因,这些儿童行为问题. Animal studies have shown that nicotine affects brain development during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, causing changes in brain regions critical to the development of externalizing psychopathology in humans.动物研究显示,尼古丁对大脑的发展,在第二次和第三次妊娠中晚期,变化造成脑区域的发展至关重要,而外部的心理反弹.

“Evidence suggests that the dopamine system in the brain gets over-stimulated during pregnancy,” Beauchaine said."有证据表明,该系统多巴胺在大脑得到过度刺激,在怀孕期间,"beauchaine说. Dopamine is a brain chemical that plays an important role in behavior and cognition, among other functions.”多巴胺是大脑化学中起着重要的作用,行为及认知等功能."

“As a consequence, children who were exposed to smoke in utero have colic and are hard to sooth as infants."因此,儿童暴露于吸烟,宫内有绞痛,因此难以作为南水北调的婴儿. As toddlers they are overactive and oppositional.如幼童,他们都是过度和对立. Later on they are irritable, inattentive and low on pleasure.”后来,他们就变得暴躁,心不在焉,低就高兴."

Gatzke-Kopp and Beauchaine believe a message needs to be distributed widely that regardless of how women are exposed to tobacco smoke while pregnant, either directly or second-hand smoke, their unborn children’s future behavior can be affected.加茨克-kopp和beauchaine相信电文需要有广泛分布,不管有多少妇女受到烟草吸烟,在怀孕期间,直接或二手烟,他们未出生的孩子的未来行为也可以受到影响.

UF Health Science Center - Ritalin is the latest drug of choice among sleep-deprived students struggling to finish term papers and make it through final exams and even the SAT.用友健康科学中心-利他是最新的首选药物在睡眠剥夺学生奋力完成任期论文并使其通过期末考,连坐.

Undergraduates, as well as high school SAT-takers, are increasingly turning to prescription stimulants like Ritalin (R) and Adderall (R) to boost concentration during long study sessions and all-nighters, according to drug abuse experts at the University of Florida, who cite a rise in the number of teen patients they see who openly admit to having conned unnecessary prescriptions from doctors.本科生,以及高中周六休,正日益转向处方兴奋剂如利他林(R)和阿得拉尔(r)中的浓度增加,在长学习班,并所有熬夜,根据药物滥用专家在佛罗里达大学他们举出的人数上升患者天天见他们,他们公开承认自己conned不必要的处方从医生.

Ten percent of college students use stimulants illegally at some point in their college years, a 2005 study by the University of Michigan Substance Abuse Research Center revealed, and many get them from friends who were legally prescribed the drugs.10%的大学生使用兴奋剂的非法在某个大学学业年2005年研究的密西根大学药物研究中心透露,而很多,让他们从朋友合法处方的药物. And according to the federal government’s Drug Abuse Warning Network, the number of emergency room visits stemming from illicit use of pharmaceuticals jumped 20 percent between 2004 and 2005.根据联邦政府的药物滥用预警网络,人数急诊源于非法使用药品跃升20%,在2004年和2005年. Experts fear the trend is only growing worse.专家们担心的趋势是越来越严重.

Drugs like Ritalin and Adderall are commonly prescribed to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a condition characterized by difficulty sustaining attention span, impulsive behavioral style and physical restlessness that looks like excessive energy.药物如利他林和阿得拉尔是常用来治疗多动症,这种景况的特点难以保持注意力,冲动行为方式和身体躁动很像过多能量. When used for ADHD at recommended doses, the medications heighten concentration and diminish impulsivity and hyperactivity.当用于多动症,在推荐剂量下,药物浓度提高,减少冲动和多动.

“Most students who use their friend’s stimulants do it to improve performance,” said Scott Teitelbaum, M.D., medical director of the Florida Recovery Center at UF."大多数学生使用朋友的兴奋剂做,以改善性能,"斯科特说,Teitelbaum先生,医学博士,医务主任的佛州回收中心联合阵线. “It’s like athletes taking steroids - the idea that you can study better, harder, longer, as if you were hitting a ball farther.”"就像运动员,以类固醇的想法,你可以更好地学习,努力,较长因为如果你打一个球得更远."

But the pills won’t make up for a semester of slacking off, said Teitelbaum.但丸不会补足一学期懈怠,Teitelbaum先生说.

“When you look at the students that use illicit (stimulants), their performance at school is worse,” Teitelbaum said."当你看看同学们表示,使用非法(兴奋剂),他们在学校的成绩是糟糕的是,"Teitelbaum先生说. “And that’s probably because the need to use the drug reflects them being behind, and needing to cram and catch up.”",这也许是因为我们需要使用药物反映他们的幕后指使者,并且需要恶补,迎头赶上."

Ritalin stimulates the central nervous system, but its effects can differ depending on whether a student has ADHD or not.利他刺激中枢神经系统,但其效果也可能不同,取决于学生多动症与否. In those without ADHD, at lower doses it can create feelings of alertness that fall somewhere between those produced by caffeine and cocaine.在那些没有多动症,在低剂量就能产生感情警觉,秋季介于所产生的咖啡因和可卡因. For those with classic ADHD, Ritalin can actually make them feel much calmer and more centered.那些具有典型的多动症,利他其实可以令他们感到非常平静和舆论氛围. “If you look at Ritalin structurally, it’s the closest relative to cocaine,” said Teitelbaum."如果你看看利他结构,它的相对最接近可卡因,"Teitelbaum先生说. “I think it depends on the dose one is taking, and why they’re taking it."我认为这取决于剂量,是一个人质,他们为什么不明不白. Some people take stimulants solely for the effect on concentration.有人把仅仅兴奋剂的影响浓度. Other people are taking it for the buzz.”其他的人把它的电话铃声."

Pharmaceutical abuse is on the rise among teens, surpassing the combined rates of crack/cocaine, Ecstasy, heroin and methamphetamine abuse, according to the Partnership for a Drug-Free America.药物滥用正在崛起,其中13-14岁,超过了合并率精锐/可卡因,摇头丸,海洛因,甲基苯丙胺的滥用,据伙伴无毒合众国. Experts predict the trend will continue because the pills are inexpensive and widely available.专家预测这个趋势将会继续下去,因为丸价格低廉,广为散发.

“Unlike cocaine, you can get Ritalin very cheaply from your friends because all they need is their co-pay,” Teitelbaum said."不像可卡因,你可以利他非常便宜,从你的朋友,因为他们需要的是彼此付出,"Teitelbaum先生说. “There’s a great availability.”"有一个很大的可用性."

Some students will go to great lengths to trick physicians into writing prescriptions for Ritalin.有些同学会以很大的篇幅伎俩医师书写处方利他.

“There is no question that the modern student is smart, and smart enough to go to a doctor and to tell them exactly what the symptoms are of attention deficit disorder, to get stimulants,” Teitelbaum said."毫无疑问,现代学生,是个聪明人,和聪明智慧去就医,并告诉他们确切的症状是注意力缺陷无序,让兴奋剂",Teitelbaum先生说. “There’s a group of people getting the prescription not to use it themselves, but to sell it.”"有一群人越来越处方不使用它自己,而是为了卖掉它."

In many states, sharing prescription pills is just as criminal as selling the drugs.在许多国家,分享丸处方只是作为犯罪作为推销药品.

“This means it will be the equivalent of a felony drug offense, with possible jail time depending on the student’s record and outcome of the person who consumed the drug,” said John Burke, president of the National Association of Drug Diversion Investigators Inc. “Regardless, the students will have a felony criminal record, which will eliminate them from the possibility of obtaining certain jobs.”"这意味着将相当于重罪毒品罪,可能坐牢时间取决于学生的记录和结果的人,食用毒品,说:"约翰.伯克,国民协会会长药物导流调查公司"不管如何,同学们将有重罪的犯罪记录,这将消除他们可能获得了一定的就业机会."

Although many students consider prescription pill popping a “safe” alternative to street drugs, experts warn that’s not always the case.虽然很多学生认为处方服药的"安全"替代街头毒品,有专家警告说的情况并非总是如此. Students who take the medication illegally often ingest higher doses than recommended, increasing the risk for neurological and heart-related symptoms.学生采取非法用药经常摄取高剂量比推荐的危险也随之增加2.91%和心脏有关的症状. Students without ADHD who abuse stimulants are also increasing their risk of drug addiction.学生多动症者滥用兴奋剂问题,也正在提高其风险吸毒.

“Part of the problem is that people aren’t taking it as prescribed,” Teitelbaum said."问题的部分原因是,人们却没有把它作为明,"Teitelbaum先生说. “Somebody might think if 10 milligrams keeps most people up, I need 20 or 30 or 40 to stay awake longer."有人可能认为,如果10毫克,使大多数人,我需要20或30年或40醒觉较长. I need more because I need to study and I’m way behind.我需要更多的,因为我要学习,我是远远落后. They don’t understand the relationship between dose and effect.”他们不明白的剂量效应关系."

Physicians try to prevent adverse reactions by screening patients for pre-existing conditions and keeping track of other drugs in their patients’ medicine cabinets.医师尽量避免不良反应的患者检查前现有条件和跟踪其他药物,其病人的医药箱. But the potential for disaster increases when patients share their prescriptions with friends.但潜在的灾害增加,当患者分享他们的处方与朋友.

“There are a lot of issues that are somewhat unknown to the person taking (the stimulants)."有很多问题,有些不明的人以(兴奋剂). A higher dose might make them more likely to have an irregular heartbeat or get hyperthermia.高剂量可能会使他们更容易出现一种不规则的心跳或得到加温. There could be another medicine that the person is on that could interact,” Teitelbaum said.有可能是另一种药的人,就可以互通信息,"Teitelbaum先生说.

But the riskiest part about the prescription drug abuse sweeping college campuses?但这时的一部分,对于滥用处方药席卷校园?

“You don’t always know what you’re getting when you buy a drug from somebody else,” Teitelbaum said."你永远不知道你做的,当你买了毒品从别人",Teitelbaum先生说. “You might think you’re getting one thing and you’re getting another.”"你会觉得你得到了一件事,你另找"

For teens and adults who really have the diagnosis of ADHD, prescription stimulants like Ritalin and Adderall can be a tremendous benefit when used correctly, and at proper doses have a very good safety record for patients with ADHD.  Students who are using Ritalin and Adderall illicitly without medical supervision are often unaware of the risks and dangers involved.对于青少年和成年人有真正的诊断多动症,处方兴奋剂如利他林和阿得拉尔可以是一个巨大的利益时,只要正确使用,并在适当的剂量有很好的安全记录患者的多动症.学生利用与利他阿得拉尔无非法医疗监督往往不知道危险.

Newswise — Children who are physically active during the school day are more likely to be better focused and more on-task than their more sedentary peers, an East Carolina University researcher has found.新闻立儿童有身体活跃在上学的一天更可能是更具有针对性和更关于任务比他们更久坐同龄人,东卡罗莱纳大学的研究员发现. The beneficial effect of exercise on attention was even more pronounced for children who initially had greater problems staying on task in the classroom.益有氧运动对注意的是更为突出的小朋友最初更大的问题,留守任务是在课堂上.

In a 12-week study of 62 third and fourth graders at Grifton Elementary School, a team of ECU researchers led by exercise and sport science professor Matt Mahar found children were more attentive and on-task after participating in physical activity.在为期12周的研究,62个第三和第四级格里夫顿小学一队埃研究员为首的运动和运动科学系教授亚光仰光的Mahar发现孩子们更细心和专注工作后,参与健身活动.

“We evaluated in this study the effectiveness of a classroom-based physical activity program on elementary school-aged children’s physical activity levels during the school day and on on-task behavior,” Mahar said."我们在评价这一研究有效的课堂中的身体活动计划,小学适龄儿童的体力活动水平在上学的一天,对工作行为,"仰光的Mahar说. “[We found that] the kids not only are more physically active, which helps combat the obesity epidemic, but also probably learn better after the Energizers because their on-task behavior is better.”"[我们发觉]孩子不仅有更多的体力活动,有利于防治肥胖流行病但也可能是更好的学习后,三焦,因为他们的工作行为,是更好."

The Energizers are a set of 10-minute long movement-oriented exercises developed by Mahar and other ECU researchers to promote both physical activity and learning.三焦的是一部10分钟长的运动练习为主研制的仰光的Mahar和其他欧洲货币单位的科研人员既提倡体力活动与学习. The teachers were trained to lead their students in a 10-minute activity every day for 12 weeks.教师进行了培训,带领学生在10分钟的活动,每天为12个星期. The Energizers, which were developed for both elementary and middle school students through funds from the N.C. Department of Public Instruction, are available to anyone and can be found at the DPI’s physical education web site:三焦的,其中发达国家为小学和初中学生通过资金从新界三处公共语言复本人,可以发现,在新闻部的体育网站:

Energizers - exercise program to improve children’s focus in school三焦-运动计画,以改善儿童的重点学校

Mahar, whose findings were published in December 2006 in the journal Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , is concerned with the lack of emphasis on physical activity in public schools and sought, through the Energizers, to integrate movement with age-appropriate educational activities.仰光的Mahar,其调查结果已刊登在2006年12日刊医学和科学在体育和运动,是与不重视体育活动,在公立学校,并要求通过三焦,结合运动与年龄适当的教育活动.

“It’s important because even if you can demonstrate its benefit in terms of health, people are more likely to do it if it can help academic performance of students,” he said."它的重要,因为即使你能证明其益处的健康,人们更容易做到,如果它可以帮助学生的学业成绩,"他说. “I think this study shows teachers that that they can have their kids be physically active in class and not only maintain academic performance, but improve it.”"我认为这项研究显示教师,他们可以有自己的孩子身体活跃在课堂上,而不是只有保持学术业绩,而提高安全性."

Mahar found that the group of students who performed the Energizers were significantly more active during the school day, as compared to groups of students who did not.仰光的Mahar发现,77的学生表演了三焦显着更主动在放学时,相对于学生团体的人没有信心. In all, 243 children in grades kindergarten through four participated in the physical activity segment of the study.在所有243名儿童在幼儿园系透过四个参加身体活动部分的研究工作.

The amount of exercise activity that can be accumulated over the course of a school year from inclusion of just one 10-minute Energizers activity per day is substantial, said Mahar.该运动量活动,可以积累下来的时候一个学年从列入公正一个10分钟的活动三焦每天大量说,仰光的Mahar.

“We found it is the equivalent to moving about 70 miles per year,” he said."我们认为这是相当于移动约70英里,每一年,"他说.
He also noted that the effect of the Energizers on on-task behavior seemed to be especially strong in students who were least on-task before the activity.他还指出,影响了三焦论工作行为似乎是特别强的学生最少在面前的任务活动. The low on-task students had an increase in on-task behavior by 20 percent after participation in 10 minutes of physical activity, according to the exercise and attention study.低度任务学生们增加对工作行为的20%后,参加10分钟的体育活动按照演习方案和注意研究.

Vanderbilt University Medical Center - Although the “crack baby” hysteria of the 1980s was greatly exaggerated, cocaine use during pregnancy can cause subtle but disabling cognitive impairments — attention deficits, learning disabilities and emotional problems.Vanderbilt大学医学中心-虽然"裂纹女郎"歇斯底里年代被大大夸大了,使用可卡因怀孕期间可能造成微妙而致残认知--注意缺陷,学习障碍和情绪问题.

A recent study by investigators at the Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development may help explain the long-term behavioral and neurological problems associated with prenatal exposure to cocaine.最近的一项研究调查的财产,甘乃迪中心,为研究人类发展可能有助于解释长期行为和神经问题与产前接触可卡因. In the current issue of the Journal of Neuroscience, Gregg Stanwood, Ph.D., and Pat Levitt, Ph.D., report that prenatal cocaine exposure in rabbits causes a long lasting displacement of dopamine receptors in certain brain cells, which alters their ability to function normally.在本期杂志鞠躬格雷格stanwood,博士,和PatLevitt这样,博士,报告说,暴露于可卡因兔造成长久位移多巴胺受体在某些脑细胞,从而改变了自己的能力,能正常行使职能.

Though this effect has not yet been assessed in cocaine-exposed children, the findings give researchers a place to start looking.虽然这种效应尚未得到评估可卡因暴露儿童,结果给研究者一个地方开始寻找.

“The hysteria surrounding the ‘crack baby’ was sort of overblown,” said Stanwood, research assistant professor of Pharmacology and lead author on the study."歇斯底里周围的裂纹婴儿',是一种夸大了,说:"stanwood,研究助理教授,药理学和撰稿人的研究.

Incredibly high levels of cocaine — usually coupled with the abuse of other drugs — can lead to premature labor, preterm birth and low birth weight, Stanwood said.令人难以置信的高水平可卡因通常加上其他药物滥用可导致早产,早产,低出生体重,stanwood说.

“But in women who have abused relatively low recreational doses of cocaine, it is actually very hard to distinguish those children at birth from children born to anyone else,” he said."不过,在妇女曾受虐较低休闲剂量的可卡因这其实是很难区分这些儿童在出生后,从孩子出生到别人身上,"他说. “However, as those children age, they do develop deficits in their cognitive and emotional development.”"但是,由于这些儿童的年龄,他们的赤字发展的认知和情感的发展."

These cocaine-exposed children often exhibit attention and arousal problems, similar to children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).这些可卡因暴露儿童往往会表现出注意力和觉醒反应的问题,类似小儿多动症(ADHD)的. However, the standard treatments for ADHD — Ritalin and other stimulants — are not always effective in these children.不过,标准治疗多动症-利他林和其他兴奋剂,但不总是有效,在这些儿童.

Studying the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on the developing brain is difficult in human populations because cocaine abusers often abuse other drugs.研究孕鼠暴露于可卡因对大脑的发育是困难人群中,因为可卡因滥用者往往滥用其他药物. Animal models can help determine how prenatal cocaine exposure might influence brain development to cause these subtle cognitive impairments.动物模型可以帮助确定如何暴露于可卡因,可能会影响脑发育造成这些微妙的认知.

“We thought that it was important to set up an animal model that recapitulates a key feature of human abuse — that being intravenous exposure to low doses of cocaine,” Stanwood said."我们认为这是重要的,成立一个动物模型,概括的一个重要特点人类滥用这是静脉暴露于低剂量的可卡因,"stanwood说.

A few years ago, Stanwood and Levitt, professor of Pharmacology and director of the Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, established such a model in rabbits.几年前,stanwood和莱维特教授,药理学和主任的财产,肯尼迪中心,建立这样一个模型兔. They found that exposure to low levels of intravenous cocaine during a very short window of time during gestation — equivalent to the late first trimester and early second trimester in humans — caused specific alterations in brain circuits that use the neurotransmitter dopamine.他们发现,暴露于低层次的静脉注射可卡因,在很短的时间窗口妊娠期相当于晚第一孕期和早期孕中期人体造成具体改建脑线路使用神经递质多巴胺. Additionally, these cocaine-exposed offspring showed attention problems as well as insensitivity to stimulants like amphetamine, suggesting that cocaine exposure had altered the development of the dopamine pathways in the brain.此外,这些可卡因暴露子代表现应注意的问题以及不灵敏兴奋剂如安非他明,提示暴露可卡因改变了发展的通路多巴胺在大脑.

“In collaboration with Dr. Eitan Friedman of the City University of New York, we had previously shown a decrease in signaling of a particular receptor protein, the dopamine D1 receptor,” Stanwood said."同博士艾登弗里德曼的纽约市立大学,我们以前呈下降信令某一特定受体蛋白中,多巴胺受体D1,"stanwood说. “We know that this receptor is involved in regulating the formation of cortical circuitry."我们知道这种受体是参与调节形成皮层线路. It’s also involved in the behavioral effects of amphetamines and cocaine.”它也涉及行为的影响安非他明和可卡因."

“The current study was an attempt to look at the mechanism of this decrease in D1 receptor signaling,” he said."目前的研究是企图看看机制减少D1受体信号,"他说.

Stanwood examined the levels of D1 receptor in brain cells taken from “teenage” rabbits that were exposed to cocaine during that short, sensitive prenatal period.stanwood研究水平的D1受体的脑细胞取自"十几岁的"小白兔暴露于可卡因很短,产前敏感时期.

He found that cocaine exposure did not alter the total amount of D1 receptor produced in the brain.他还发现,暴露可卡因,并没有改变总额D1受体产生的脑部. However, there was a dramatic alteration in the location of the protein within the cell.然而,有一个戏剧性的改变位置的蛋白质在细胞.

“It’s not where it should be,” he said."这不是它应当,"他说. D1 receptors are normally found at the cell surface, but neurons from the cocaine-exposed animals showed the receptor was predominantly sequestered inside the cells.D1受体通常出现在细胞表面,但是,从神经元的可卡因暴露动物表明受体主要是游离细胞内.

“The fascinating thing is that this effect appears permanent,” said Stanwood."有趣的是,这起看似永久的,说:"stanwood.

This implies that cocaine exposure during a brief, sensitive period of neural development can lead to long-lasting effects at the cellular level.这意味着暴露可卡因在短暂的,敏感时期的神经发育,可导致长期作用于细胞水平.

This change also altered the growth of neuronal processes, suggesting that the altered D1 receptor trafficking may underlie the changes in neuronal architecture and behavior that Stanwood and others have previously observed.这种变化也改变了神经突起生长,暗示更改D1受体贩卖可以理解的变化,在神经结构和行为stanwood等以前观察.

What remains to be determined, he cautioned, is whether D1 receptor localization is affected in humans exposed to cocaine prenatally.剩下待定,他告诫说,无论是D1受体定位,是影响人体暴露于可卡因的产前诊断.

If found in humans, “it gives us a new way to think about helping those children as they continue to mature.” Because cocaine exposure seems to alter the distribution of the D1 receptor, Stanwood suggests that researchers might find a way to “steer” the receptor into the correct cellular location.如果发现在人类中,"它给我们一个新的方式来思考,帮助那些儿童,因为他们继续成熟,"因为暴露可卡因似乎改变分布的,D1受体stanwood表明,研究者可能会找到一个方法来"掌舵"的受体进入细胞的正确位置. That could provide new avenues for treating the attention problems in cocaine-exposed children, as well as in children with stimulant-resistant ADHD.这可以提供新的途径治疗应注意的问题,可卡因暴露儿童,以及患儿兴奋剂抗多动症.

“Neither we nor anyone else has yet identified whether this mechanism occurs in the human population,” Stanwood said, “so that is a critical next step.”"无论是我们还是别人尚未确定是否这个机制发生在人口,"stanwood说,"所以这是一个非常关键的下一步."

Blackwell Publishing - Social stigma and feeling lifeless and/or alienated from one’s peers are some of the reasons why children and adolescents stop taking prescription stimulant medications used to treat attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), according to a new study published in the Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing.布莱克韦尔出版社会耻辱和肃杀的感觉和/或疏离自己的同龄人是有意见的原因儿童青少年停止服用兴奋剂处方药用于治疗注意力缺陷-多动障碍(ADHD)据一项新的研究报告发表在杂志专家儿科护理.

ADHD is a common neurobehavioral disorder, affecting 4.4 million children in the United States between the ages of 4 and 17.多动症是一种常见的神经症,影响440万人,在美国的儿童,年龄介乎4至17岁. Following diagnosis, 56% are treated with prescription stimulant medications.经过诊断,有56%的治疗处方的兴奋剂药物. According to the study, many stop using these medications even while they are still exhibiting symptoms of the disorder, despite research indicating these medications are effectively reducing hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention.根据这项研究,许多停止使用这些药物,尽管他们仍然表现症状的疾病,虽然研究显示,这些药物能有效地减少多动,冲动和疏忽.

The study also found that while ADHD is a chronic disorder, none of the adolescents interviewed had received ongoing education about their condition.研究还发现,尽管多动症是一种慢性疾病,轰轰烈烈的青少年受访者不断接受教育的情况. As college students, many used the medications irregularly, sometimes in doses exceeding the prescribed amount, and often at night – factors that may exacerbate the side effects.作为大学生,许多用来药物不规则,有时剂量超过规定数额的,并且往往是在夜间因素,有可能加剧的副作用.

Julie B. Meaux, PhD, RNC, lead author of the study, suggests that “dialogue between the child, parents and healthcare provider about the general effects, side effects and potential abuse of prescribed stimulant medications is essential,” adding “careful administration of dosages, based on input from the child, is exceedingly important.”郭莫乙,博士学位,放射性同位素,导致作者的研究表明,对话"的孩子,家长及医护人员对一般的影响,副作用和潜在滥用兴奋剂处方药是必不可少的","精细化管理的剂量,基于投入,从孩子,是极为重要的."

Editorial note:  Careful titration of ADHD medication can be quite important for avoiding side effects that might prompt discontinuation of stimulant medication in those that really need it.  If a child or adolescent complains of feeling blunted, numb, flat, too even, not lively or animated enough, etc., it might just be that they are slightly overmedicated beyond what they need for enhanced attention span and decreasing problematic impulsivity.编者按:仔细滴定多动症药物可以很重要,为避免副作用,可能马上停用兴奋剂药品,那些真正需要它.如果儿童或青少年抱怨感觉减弱,麻木,地势平坦,过于平坦,不生动,活泼不足等,它可能只是他们稍微overmedicated以后,他们需要提高注意力和降低问题冲动. An “overfocused” state can appear slightly serious and not as “bubbly.” Sometimes a slight medication dosage adjustment can remedy this."overfocused"国家似乎可以稍微严重的,而不是"泡"有时轻微的药物剂量调整,可以弥补这一点.

Another dimension of this problem is that novelty-seeking and stimulus-seeking children and teenagers might have difficulty distinguishing a calmer but natural spontaneity from over-the-top impulsivity, especially if other children give them more social attention for being a “class-clown” or daredevil or for being “bold” with authorities (i.e. inappropriate and impulsive in ways that do not really advance their cause or address their needs).  Thus the child will need help from caring and observant adults in making these kind of discerning judgements, and teenagers in particular could benefit from ongoing psychoeducation about how not to confuse internal distractibility with creativity, or impulsivity with “normal” spontaneity.871-884这个问题,就是新意寻求刺激和寻求儿童和青少年可能难以分辨了,但冷静天然自发性从超顶冲动特别是如果其他子女给他们更多的社会关注的是"阶级小丑"或决死或为"大胆"机关(即不恰当和冲动的方式并不能真正促进其事业或满足他们的需要).于是儿童需要帮助,关怀和细心的成年人在作出这种判断雪亮的,青少年尤其是可以从目前的心理,如何不混淆内部注意力与创造力,或冲动与"正常"的自觉性. If your child is on medication for ADHD and you have questions about side effects, be sure to review this with the prescriber, or perhaps get a more in-depth consultation with a child and adolescent psychiatrist - Dr. Z.如果你的孩子是用药物治疗多动症,你还有疑问副作用一定要检讨,这与处方,或者获得更深入的磋商,以儿童及青少年精神科医师宜

Data released for once-daily guanfacine extended release trial in children with ADHD数据公布每日一次胍法辛缓释审判小儿多动症

Shire – November 16, 2006 — Shire plc (Nasdaq: SHPGY, LSE: SHP, TSX: SHQ) announced today that once-daily doses of the investigational medication guanfacine extended release (GXR, also referred to as SPD503), a selective alpha-2A-adrenoceptor agonist, significantly improved symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children aged 6 to 17 years when used as a monotherapy.晴-2006年11月16日-晴Plc公司(纳斯达克:shpgy,LSE的:水电,多伦多:SHQ清楚)今日宣布,每日一次剂量的药品侦查胍法辛缓释剂(额,也称为spd503)选择性干扰素受体激动剂显着改善症状,注意缺陷障碍(ADHD)的儿童在6岁至17岁时,作为单一用药. The phase III trial results were presented today at the 2006 U.S. Psychiatric & Mental Health Congress (USPMHC) annual meeting.第三阶段试验结果今天在2006年美国精神科及心理卫生大会(uspmhc)年度会议. Two additional studies also released at the meeting report the pharmacokinetic profile of guanfacine extended release.另外两项研究也发表在会上报告的药概况胍法辛缓释剂.

Shire submitted a New Drug Application (NDA) for guanfacine extended release on August 24, 2006.晴提交了新药申请(NDA)可用于胍法辛缓释剂于2006年8月24日. If approved, guanfacine extended release, which is not a central nervous system stimulant, will be the first once-daily selective alpha-2A-adrenoceptor agonist compound indicated for the treatment of ADHD.如果获得批准,胍法辛缓释剂,它不是刺激中枢神经系统,将首次为每日一次选择性干扰素受体激动剂复方用于治疗儿童多动症.

“Guanfacine extended release was developed to allow once-daily dosing through a controlled release formulation,” said Eliseo Salinas, MD, Shire EVP and Chief Scientific Officer."胍法辛缓释剂研制,使每日一次给药通过控释制定,说:"eliseo萨利纳斯,海事,晴的EVP和首席科学官. “Research studies have shown that the extended-release formulation of guanfacine effectively provided day-long ADHD symptom control with a single daily dose based on several standard symptom measures.”"研究表明,缓释制定胍法辛,有效地提供了一天的多动症的症状控制,以每日单剂量基于几个标准症状的措施."

Monotherapy with Once-Daily Guanfacine Extended Release Significantly Improved ADHD Symptoms单用每日一次胍法辛缓释着改善多动症症状

In this study, investigators randomized 345 subjects to receive placebo or 2 mg, 3 mg or 4 mg guanfacine extended release once daily.在这项研究中,随机调查345名对象接受安慰剂或2毫克,3毫克或4毫克胍法辛缓释剂,每日一次. The study consisted of three periods: screening (maximum of 14 days), washout (about one week for discontinuation of current ADHD medication) and double-blind treatment (eight weeks).学习共分三个阶段:筛选(最多14天),白卷(一星期左右停止目前ADHD的药物)和双盲治疗(8周). Titration was done in a forced-dose manner by increasing guanfacine extended release in 1 mg increments per week, from 1 mg per day during the first week to a maximum of 4 mg daily in weeks four and five according to randomization.99.85%做一个被迫剂量地增加胍法辛缓释剂在1毫克递增,每周从1毫克,每天的第一周期间最长以4毫克,每天在四个星期内,五,根据随机化. The guanfacine extended release dose was then decreased at the same weekly rate starting in weeks six and seven.该胍法辛缓释剂随即下跌,在该周刊的速度开始在星期6和7.

Compared to placebo, children aged 6 to 17 years treated with guanfacine extended release showed significant improvements in the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention), as reflected by total scores on the primary efficacy measurement, the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS-IV).相比安慰剂孩子6岁至17岁之间治疗胍法辛缓释剂有显着改善的核心症状多动症(多动,冲动,注意力),所反映的总分,对初级效能测试方面,ADHD评定量表(多动症-巴-四). The ADHD-RS-IV is a standard test for diagnosing ADHD in children and adolescents and for assessing their response to treatment.多动症的遥感四是一个标准试验诊断儿童多动症的儿童和青少年,以及评估其对治疗反应. The scale, which contains 18 items, is based on the ADHD diagnosis criteria as defined in the DSM-IV TR, a publication of the American Psychiatric Association.规模,其中包含18项,是基于多动症诊断标准界定DSM-IV的图腾,出版的美国精神病学协会. A reduction in the ADHD-RS-IV score reflects improvement.减少了多动症-巴-四评分反映改善.

Overall, average reductions in ADHD-RS-IV total scores were 16.7 points for guanfacine extended release and 8.9 for placebo (P <.0001).总体而言,平均削减多动症-巴-四总分16.7分胍法辛缓释剂和8.9为安慰剂(磷"0.0001). Investigators observed improvement in ADHD-RS-IV scores as early as two weeks after dosing began, with significant improvement in all guanfacine extended release dose groups occurring at the third week and continuing through the last evaluation at week five.调查人员指出,在改善多动症-巴-四的成绩,早在两个星期后开始给药,有显着改善,在所有胍法辛缓释剂组发生在第三个星期开始,一直延续到最后评价在每周五. Also, an analysis by weight-adjusted actual dose (mg/kg) showed reductions in ADHD-RS-IV total scores from baseline of 34 percent to 65 percent for guanfacine extended release doses compared with 23 percent for placebo.另外,分析体重调整的实际剂量(毫克/公斤)显示减少多动症-巴-四总分从基线的34%至65%胍法辛缓释剂相比,有23%的安慰剂.

Significance was also seen in all secondary efficacy measures, which included scores on the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I), Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S), Conners' Parent Rating Scale- Revised: Short Form (CPRSR) and Conners' Teacher Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form (CTRS-R).意义也看到,在各中学疗效措施其中包括分数论临床整体印象改善(类似CGI),临床总体印象严重性(类似CGI),Conners父母家长量表修改:缩写形式(cprsr)和Conners父母'教师评定量表修订版:短形式(报税-R组).

"As the first selective alpha-2A-adrenoceptor agonist being developed as an ADHD treatment, guanfacine extended release will be a welcomed addition to our armamentarium of ADHD medications. In this clinical trial, guanfacine extended release significantly improved ADHD symptoms based on several standard measures of response," noted Raun Melmed, MD, Medical Director of the Melmed Center in Scottsdale, AZ."作为第一选择干扰素受体激动剂正在研制的治疗多动症,胍法辛缓释会欢迎我们除了外伤ADHD的药物.在这一临床试验胍法辛缓释着改善多动症症状基于几个标准的应对措施,"注意到从那时梅尔梅德,海事,医务主任的梅尔梅德中心scottsdale,AZ排列. "As a practicing physician I can say our community is always interested in expanding the range of ADHD treatment options which need to be used in the context of an overall treatment program, so patients can receive individualized and optimal care.""作为一名医师,我只能说我们的社会一直有意扩大范围,对ADHD的治疗选择须使用方面的一个整体治疗方案,使病人可以得到个性化及优化的照顾."

Guanfacine extended release was generally well-tolerated in this study.胍法辛缓释剂一般都具有良好的耐受性,在这项研究. The most commonly reported treatment-emergent adverse events were somnolence, headache, fatigue, upper abdominal pain, and sedation.最常报告说,治疗中出现的不良事件为嗜睡,头痛,疲劳,上腹疼痛,镇静. Incidence of sedative events (somnolence, sedation and fatigue) were usually mild or moderate in severity.发病事件镇静(嗜睡,镇静,疲劳)通常是轻度或中度严重. Modest decreases in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse were reported.温和跌幅,收缩压及舒张压血压和脉搏的报道.

Guanfacine Extended Release Formulation胍法辛缓释制定

Guanfacine extended release, a novel formulation of guanfacine, was developed by incorporating ionic polymers, enteric polymers, and organic acids within the tablet matrix.胍法辛缓释剂,新型制定胍法辛,是发达国家把离子聚合物,肠溶性聚合物,和有机酸的片基. This formulation was designed to control and prolong the release of guanfacine, in contrast to the immediate, burst-like release provided by the commercially available Immediate Release (IR) formulation of guanfacine, which is indicated as a treatment for hypertension.这一提法的目的是控制和延长释放胍法辛,对比眼前的,爆裂式释放提供了市售立即释放(IR)的制定胍法辛,这表明,作为治疗高血压.

About Guanfacine Extended Release约胍法辛缓释

Shire is seeking approval of 1 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 3.5 mg and 4 mg once-daily guanfacine extended release doses for the control of ADHD symptoms throughout the day in children aged 6 to 17 years.Shire说,是寻求批准1毫克,2毫克,2.5毫克,3毫克,3.5毫克和4毫克,每日一次胍法辛缓释剂控制多动症的症状,整个一天孩子6岁至17岁之间. The guanfacine extended release NDA includes data from two placebo-controlled trials in children and adolescents ages 6 to 17 evaluating the compound’s safety and efficacy in controlling ADHD symptoms evaluated on a once-weekly basis using the ADHD Rating Scale, which included both hyperactive/impulsive and inattentive subscales.该胍法辛缓释展区包括数据,从两个安慰剂对照试验,在儿童和青少年的年龄6至17个评价复方的疗效和安全性在控制多动症的症状评估一次,每周用多动症量表,其中包括过动/冲动而心不在焉分量.

Guanfacine extended release is a once-daily formulation of the selective alpha-2A-adrenoceptor agonist.胍法辛缓释剂是一次制定每天的选择性干扰素受体激动剂. Unlike some other ADHD treatments, guanfacine extended release is not a central nervous system stimulant or a controlled substance.不像其他一些治疗多动症,胍法辛缓释不是刺激中枢神经系统或控制物质.

Adrenergic receptors are present on almost all kinds of cells in the body and act as receptors for two neurotransmitters, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, used by nerve cells to communicate.肾上腺素受体存在于几乎所有类型的细胞在体内充当受体两种神经递质,肾上腺素(肾上腺素)和去甲肾上腺素,用神经细胞进行沟通. An agonist is a molecule that acts similar to these neurotransmitters by also binding to receptors.激动剂,是一种分子,类似的行为,这些神经递质也结合受体. It is hypothesized that guanfacine HCl binds to the alpha-2A-adrenergic cell receptor to act directly in the part of the brain called the prefrontal cortex, an area that is associated with working memory, behavioral inhibition, attention and cognitive control, as well as the ability to orchestrate thought and action.  Full press release about extended release guanfacine can be found here:它是假设,盐酸胍法辛绑定了干扰素-肾上腺素受体细胞直接采取行动,在该部分的大脑前额叶皮层,这是一个与工作记忆,行为抑制,注意力和认知控制,以及能力配器的思想和行动.充分新闻稿约缓释胍法辛可发现这里:

Extended-release guanfacine for children with ADHD缓释胍法辛为小儿多动症

Editorial note:  Guanfacine, which used to be known by the now defunct brand name of Tenex, is well-known to child and adolescent psychiatrists as an effective “second-line,” non-stimulant medication for ADHD, but is lesser known to the general public.  Shire’s studies completed in hopes of FDA approval (a likely outcome) will provide better controlled clinical data in children than we have had on this ADHD medication before.  A word of caution, however, is needed.  An older study of guanfacine’s use for ADHD in children who had a parent with bipolar disorder showed a worrisome occurrence of manic-like symptoms in some of these children when placed on guanfacine.  It is likely that children at risk for bipolar disorder were not placed in Shire’s ADHD clinical trial; therefore, our knowledge regarding the use of guanfacine for ADHD where there is a family history of bipolar disorder is limited — Dr. Z.编者按:胍法辛,而这本来是人所共知的,现在停业品牌TENEX俄罗斯,众所周知,以儿童和青少年心理作为一个有效的"第二线",非兴奋剂药物治疗多动症,但较轻的,是为公众所熟知.晴的学业完成后,希望FDA批准(其中一个可能的结果)为更好地控制临床资料儿童比我们已就这个多动症前用药.一言谨慎然而,需要进一步的研究.一名年纪较大的研究胍法辛的使用多动症儿童因父母与双相情感障碍表现令人担忧的发生躁狂样症状,其中部分孩子放在胍法辛.它有可能使儿童风险双极紊乱不处于晴的多动症临床试验;因此,我们的知识,对于使用胍法辛多动症有家族病史的双相情感障碍是有限博士宜