Short-lived cognitive boost from nicotine soon overwhelmed by long-range toxic effects of cigarette smoke on brain.短命的认知刺激,尼古丁很快垮远程毒性香烟烟雾对大脑.

UCSF - After six to nine months of abstinence from alcohol, recovering alcoholics who were also chronic smokers showed a significantly lower rate of improvement in tests of memory, reasoning, judgment, and visual/spatial coordination than non-smoking recovering alcoholics in a study conducted by researchers at the San Francisco VA Medical Center (SFVAMC).国家地理后六至九个月禁欲由酒精追酗酒者,也长期吸烟者呈显着降低,改善率在测试记忆,推理,判决视觉/空间协调比非吸烟酗酒康复中进行的一项研究,研究人员在旧金山va医疗中心(阿尔茨海默氏症).

Not only did the smokers improve less, but their overall scores were lower than the non-smokers on most neurocognitive measures tested by the researchers.不仅没有改善吸烟者少但其整体得分均低于非吸烟者对大多数溶剂措施试验研究. Non-smoking recovering alcoholics outperformed smoking recovering alcoholics on tests of memory, cognition, visual and auditory learning, and memory.非吸烟酗酒康复优于吸烟酗酒康复测试记忆,认知,视觉和听觉的学习和记忆.

“This suggests that continued smoking during abstinence from alcohol may adversely affect recovery,” says Timothy Durazzo, PhD, the study’s lead author and a research scientist in radiology at SFVAMC."这表明,持续吸烟禁欲期间饮酒可能会影响复苏的",蒂莫说durazzo,电话博士该项研究的主要作者和科学家在放射科,在阿尔茨海默氏症.

The study appears in the July 2007 issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research .这项研究发表在2007年7月发行酒精中毒:临床与实验研究.

Durazzo, who is also an assistant adjunct professor of radiology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), says the study is significant in light of previous research indicating that 60 to 80 percent of people who seek treatment for alcoholism are chronic smokers.durazzo,电话的人,也是一位助理辅助放射学教授,加州大学旧金山(少于1)说,这项研究是重要的,根据以往的研究表明,60至80%的人寻求治疗酒精中毒是长期吸烟者.

“It’s well-established that chronic alcohol abuse leads to abnormalities in brain neurobiology and neurocognitive function, and it’s also been shown that smoking itself leads to neurobiological and neurocognitive dysfunction,” he says."这是行之有效的,长期酗酒会导致异常的脑及神经认知功能它的研究还显示吸烟本身导致的神经生物学和认知功能障碍,"他说. “We wanted to learn what effect continued chronic smoking might have on changes in neurocognitive function during abstinence from alcohol."我们要学什么效果持续,长期吸烟可能产生的变化,在神经认知功能禁欲期间饮酒. This issue had not been investigated before.”这个问题尚未对此进行调查之前."

The researchers compared neurocognitive function among 13 non-smoking recovering alcoholics and 12 actively smoking recovering alcoholics recruited from two substance abuse recovery programs in San Francisco.研究人员比较了认知功能,其中13个非吸烟酗酒者康复和12积极追讨吸烟酗酒招聘两名物质滥用复苏节目在旧金山举行. After approximately one month of self-reported abstinence from alcohol, the subjects were tested on an array of neurocognitive abilities known to be affected by chronic alcohol abuse: auditory/verbal learning and memory; visual/spatial learning and memory; cognitive efficiency (speed and accuracy of intellectual task performance); executive skills (higher order thinking, reasoning, judgment, and planning); processing speed; working memory (short-term memory); motor functioning; and postural stability.经过约一个月的自我禁欲报道,由酒精受试者测试数组认知能力已知受慢性酒精滥用:听觉/言语学习和记忆;视觉/空间学习和记忆;认知效率(速度和准确性智力工作业绩);执行能力(包括高层次思维,推理,判断及都市规划界);加工速度;工作记忆(短期记忆);电机运转;与体位稳定. The results were compared with those of 22 non-smoking, light drinking controls.结果者比较,22例非吸烟,饮酒轻控制.

After six to nine months of alcohol abstinence, the subjects and controls were re-tested.经过6至9个月的戒酒,科目对照重新测试. The smokers showed significantly less improvement than the non-smokers in cognitive efficiency, executive skills, working memory, and visual/spatial learning and memory.吸烟者显着改善少比非吸烟者认知效率,行政能力,工作记忆,视觉/空间学习和记忆. Overall, their performance in tests of auditory/verbal learning and memory, cognitive efficiency, executive skills, processing speed, and working memory was inferior to that of the non-smokers.总体而言,其性能测试听觉/言语学习和记忆,认知效率,行政能力,处理速度,与工作记忆是不亚于当年的非吸烟者.

Additionally, the smokers demonstrated lower recovery in markers of neuronal integrity and cell membrane health than the non-smokers.此外,吸烟者低表明回收标记神经元的完整性和细胞膜的健康状况比非吸烟者.

“This indicates that the smokers showed less recovery over time and were functionally inferior to the non-smokers at six to nine months of abstinence,” observes Durazzo."这表明,吸烟者则较少出现复苏,随着时间的推移和功能均劣于非吸烟者在6至九个月禁欲",北市durazzo. The controls showed no significant change over time.对照组无显着时间推移而改变.

“Overall, our studies with alcoholics, both those who receive treatment and those who do not, provide converging lines of evidence suggesting that chronic cigarette smoking adversely affects recovery of both neurobiology and neurocognition in people who drink,” says principal investigator Dieter Meyerhoff, SFVAMC radiology researcher and professor of radiology at UCSF."总的来说,我们的研究与酗酒,无论是那些得到治疗和那些不提供线交汇的证据表明,长期吸烟的不良影响,恢复双方的神经和精神分裂症人喝酒的人,说:"首席调查员迪特尔巴尔的摩,阿尔茨海默氏症放射学研究者和放射学教授地理协会. “These studies contribute to the growing body of data linking chronic smoking to brain injury and cognitive dysfunction.”"这些研究有助于日益增长体数据连接吸烟慢性脑损伤和认知功能障碍"

Durazzo says that the exact mechanisms by which smoking affects cognition and brain neurobiology have yet to be determined.durazzo说的确切机制,其中吸烟影响认知和大脑的神经都还未定. He observes that the distinction must be made between nicotine by itself, which is found in cigarettes and has been shown in some studies to enhance cognition over the short term, and cigarette smoke, “which contains at least four thousand different compounds, including a number of carcinogens and other toxins.他在报告中指出,必须区分尼古丁本身其中发现香烟,并已显示了一些研究,以提高认知较短期与香烟烟雾",其中载有至少四个一千种不同的化合物,其中包括一些致癌物质和其他毒素. We feel that it is most likely the cumulative effect of chronic exposure to the noxious compounds in the smoke that might be affecting smokers’ recovery” of thinking and memory.我们觉得这是最有可能的累积效果,长期接触有毒化合物在烟这可能会影响吸烟者的复苏"的思维和记忆.

Durazzo cautions that because of the small number of subjects, the study results are preliminary and should not be generalized to all recovering alcoholics.durazzo告诫说,因为只有少数科目这项研究结果是初步的,不应一概而论,以收回所有酗酒者.

Nonetheless, he says that the long-term benefit of quitting alcohol and tobacco simultaneously is becoming more and more apparent to researchers and clinicians.尽管如此,他说,长远利益戒烟酒和烟草的同时正变得越来越明显,研究者和临床医师. “In terms of addiction, it’s been shown that alcohol and nicotine reinforce each other’s rewarding properties."若以上瘾,它的资料显示,酒精和尼古丁是相辅相成的奖励性质. Alcoholics tend to smoke, and smoking may serve as a potential cue or trigger for the urge to drink.酗酒倾向,吸烟可作为一个潜在的线索或触发冲动喝酒. So if you eliminate a trigger for alcohol craving, you may have a better chance of staying sober.”因此,如果你消除触发酒精渴求的,你可以有更好的机会保持清醒的."

Durazzo also points out that the mortality rate associated with chronic cigarette smoking is four times greater than mortality related to alcoholism.durazzo还指出,死亡率与慢性吸烟的4倍,大于死亡率相关酗酒. “Simply for that reason, it may be advisable to encourage individuals seeking treatment for alcoholism to consider participating in a smoking cessation program at the same time.”"仅仅因为这个原因,宜鼓励个人寻求治疗酗酒考虑参加戒烟班同时."