Human beings are not fully aware of addictive power of street drugs that “short-circuit” motivation and reward systems in the brain. 人类是没有充分认识到电力上瘾街头毒品"短路"的动机和奖赏制度，在脑部。

Carnegie Mellon - A novel experiment conducted by Carnegie Mellon University Professor George Loewenstein and colleagues may explain why people try a drug, such as heroin, for the first time despite ample evidence that it is addictive.卡内基梅隆大学-一种新型实验进行了卡内基梅隆大学教授乔治洛文和他的同事也许可以解释为何人们尝试毒品，如海洛因，并首次尽管有充分的证据证明它会令人上瘾。 The results of the study, which are being published in the Journal of Health Economics, reveal that even longtime addicts underestimate the influence that drug cravings have over their behavior.   研究的结果，目前正在杂志上发表卫生经济学，显示即使是长期吸毒者低估的影响，药物瘾已经超过他们的行为。

Almost all drugs produce a craving in their users.几乎所有的药物产生渴求他们的用户。 Loewenstein and his colleagues hypothesized that people experiment with drugs that they know are addictive in part because they can’t appreciate the intensity of drug cravings, and thus underestimate the likelihood that they will become addicted.洛文和他的同事们推测人的实验药物，他们知道有上瘾的部分，因为他们不能体会强度药物瘾，因此低估的可能性，他们会上瘾。 Because they can’t imagine what it would be like to experience a craving, people also discount the possibility that they will do terrible things in order to satisfy that craving, such as commit crimes or abandon their children.因为他们无法想象将要经历一个渴求，人们还折扣的可能性，他们会做可怕的事情，以满足这一渴求，如犯案或放弃自己的孩子。

The researchers confirmed their hypothesis in a study that involved 13 heroin addicts being treated with the maintenance drug buprenorphine (BUP).研究证实，他们假设在研究涉及13个海洛因成瘾者治疗与保养药物丁丙诺啡（ bup ） 。 During the eight weeks of the study, participants were repeatedly asked to choose between varying amounts of money or an extra dose of BUP, both when they were craving the drug and when they were not.在8周的研究中，参加者一再要求之间做出选择不同数额的钱或额外剂量bup ，既当他们渴求毒品时，他们则没有。 The major finding was that addicts valued an extra dose of BUP about twice as much when they were craving it (right before receiving their normal dose of the drug) than when they were currently satiated (minutes after receiving the BUP) — even when they knew they would not receive the extra dose until five days later.   主要发现是，吸毒者值额外剂量bup约两倍时，他们渴求的，它（右之前，他们接受正常剂量的药物）时，比他们目前饱满（分钟后，接到bup ） -即使他们知道他们不会接受额外的剂量，直到5天后。

“If addicts can’t appreciate the intensity of craving when they aren’t currently experiencing it, as these results suggest, it seems unlikely that those who have never experienced a craving could predict its motivational force,” said Loewenstein, the Herbert A. Simon Professor of Economics and Psychology. "如果吸毒者无法欣赏强度瘾时，他们目前还没有遇到，因为这些结果提示，似乎也不大可能，那些从未经历过的渴求可以预测其动机武力" ，洛文说，赫伯特甲西蒙教授，经济学和心理学。

The participants were shown 12 dollar amounts (ranging from $0 to $100) and for each amount specified whether they would prefer to receive the money or an additional 24-hour maintenance dose of BUP.与会者列12美元金额（元不等0至100美元） ，并为每个指定的数额是否他们宁愿接受金钱或增设24小时维修剂量bup 。 They were told that one of their choices would be selected at random to count.他们被告知，他们的一个选择，将随机抽取的罪名。 Half the time, the addicts made their decision when their craving was highest — right before they received their normal dose.一半的时间，成瘾者作出决定时，他们渴求最高-权之前，他们收到了他们的正常剂量。 The other half of the time, they made the decision after they had received their normal treatment.另一半的时候，他们作出决定后，他们收到了他们的正常治疗。 In addition, half the time the subjects made a choice that would go into effect later that same day, and half the time they made a choice that they would not receive until five days later.此外，有一半时间科目作出选择将立即生效当日晚些时候，并用一半的时间，他们作出了选择，他们也不会接受，直到5天后。 Assuming addicts could appreciate how intense their desire for a drug would be, their future craving for it logically should not have been affected by whether or not they had just received treatment.   假设吸毒者能够理解如何激烈，他们渴望一种药物将是其未来渴求，它在逻辑上不应该受到与否他们刚刚收到的待遇。

But this was not the case.但情形并非如此。 The median minimum dollar amount preferred to an extra dose of BUP was greater when subjects were drug-deprived, whether the dose or money was to be delivered immediately or after five days, as compared to when they were satiated.中位数最低的美元数额倾向于额外剂量bup较大时，受试者药物被剥夺，不管剂量或金钱可以立即交付或五天后，作为比较时，他们心满意足。 When subjects were drug-deprived, they valued an extra dose five days later at $60, but valued the same dose at only $35 when they were not deprived.当受试者药物被剥夺，他们的价值额外剂量5天后于60元，但价值相同剂量只有35元时，不被剥夺。

These results not only offer insights into why people use drugs they know could be addictive, but could also help explain why it is so difficult for addicts to quit, according to Bickel.  这些成果不仅提供洞察为什么人们使用药物，他们知道可以使人上瘾的，但也可能有助于解释为什么它是如此困难的吸毒者戒除，据副经理。

“Individuals who are in treatment may think that they will be OK out of treatment. "的人治疗可能认为他们将确定出的待遇。 However, if they underestimate the power of drugs, they may be surprised that they relapse,” Bickel said.不过，如果他们低估电力毒品，他们可能会奇怪，他们复吸， "副经理说。 “Similarly, adolescents may think that they can try drugs without ill consequence. "同样，青少年可能认为他们可以尝试药品不良后果。 But they may underestimate how powerful a drug is and therefore expose themselves to the drug.”  但他们可能低估了多么强大的一种药物，因此暴露自己的药物。 "

To prevent recovering addicts from relapsing, they must be taught to anticipate, recognize and cope with situations in which they will be tempted to use drugs, Loewenstein said.   防止吸毒者康复，从复发，他们必须学会预测，认识和配合情况，其中，他们将被引诱吸毒，洛文说。

“People generally decide to go on a diet right after eating a satisfying meal; to start saving right after splurging; and to quit drugs, such as cigarettes, right after smoking one. "人们通常决定节食减肥后吃餐满足;开始存钱后花钱;和戒烟药物，例如香烟，右后吸烟的人。 But all of these plans tend to be unrealistic because they are made when people aren’t in a craving state and, as our results show, can’t predict what it will be like once they start craving again,” Loewenstein said.但所有这些计划往往是不现实的，因为它们是当人们都不会在一个渴求状态，我们的研究结果显示，无法预测它会像一旦他们开始渴求再次， "洛文说。

For a free PDF copy of the brand new release of the National Institute of Drug Abuse publication on the neuroscience of addiction, follow this link:为建立一个自由pdf副本全新释放国立药物滥用出版神经成瘾，按照此链接：

Download free NIDA e-booklet: Drugs, Brains, and Behavior - The Science of Addiction下载免费奈达电子小册子：毒品，大脑和行为-科学成瘾